When designing a PCB, we often rely on previous experience and tips found online. Some rules are general at design time, and some rules can only be used for a specific design.

For example, analog-to-digital converter PCB rules do not apply to RF and vice versa. However, certain guidelines can be considered general to any PCB design. Come to Kangkang today for some methods and techniques that can significantly improve the basic problems of PCB design.

1.Power and Signal Distribution

Power distribution is a critical element in any electrical design. All components rely on force to perform their function. Depending on your design, some components may have good power connections and some components on the same board may have poor power connections.

For example, if all components are powered by one trace, each component will observe a different impedance, resulting in multiple ground references. For example, if you have two ADC circuits, one at the beginning and the other at the end, and both ADCs read an external voltage, each analog circuit will read a different potential relative to themselves.

We can summarize the power distribution in 3 possible ways: single point source, star source and multipoint source.

(a) Single point power supply:

The power and ground traces of each component are separated from each other, and the power traces of all components meet only at a single reference point, a single point is considered suitable for power. However, for complex or large/medium sized projects this is not feasible.

(b) Star source:

The star source can be seen as an improvement of the single point source. It differs due to its key characteristic: the same length of traces between components.

Star connections are often used for complex high-speed signal boards with various clocks. In a high-speed signal PCB, the signal usually comes from the edges and then to the center. All signals can travel from the center to any area of the board with a delay between areas.

(c) Multi-point source:

It is considered poor in any case, however, it is easy to use in any circuit. Multiple point sources can create reference differences between components and in common impedance coupling.

This design style also allows high switching ICs, clocks and RF circuits to introduce noise in nearby circuits that share connections.

Of course, in our daily life, we will not always be able to have a single type of distribution. The compromise we can achieve is to mix single point sources with multi point sources. It is possible to put analog sensitive equipment and high speed/RF systems in one point, while all other less sensitive peripherals are in one point.

2.Powered aircraft

Have you ever wondered if you should use a power plane? The answer is yes. Power strips are one of the ways to deliver power and reduce noise in any circuit.

The power plane shortens the ground path, reduces inductance, and improves electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) performance. Thanks also, the power planes on both sides also create a parallel-plate decoupling capacitor, preventing noise propagation.

The power board also has a distinct advantage: due to its larger area, it allows more current to pass through, thereby increasing the operating temperature range of the PCB. But beware: power planes improve operating temperature, but also have to consider the traces. Tracking rules are given by IPC-2221 and IPC-9592

For PCBs with RF sources (or any high-speed signal application), it is necessary to have a complete ground plane to improve the performance of the board. The signals must be on different planes, and it is nearly impossible to meet both requirements with a two-layer board.

If you want to design an antenna or any low complexity RF board, you can do it with two layers. The image below shows an illustration of how a PCB can make better use of these planes.

In mixed-signal designs, manufacturers often recommend separating analog ground from digital ground. Sensitive analog circuits are susceptible to high-speed switching and signals, and if the analog and digital grounds are different, the ground planes will be separated.

However, there are disadvantages as follows, we should pay attention to the crosstalk and loop areas that divide the ground mainly due to discontinuities in the ground plane.

The figure below shows an example of two separate ground planes. On the left, the return current cannot pass directly along the signal traces, so there is a loop area that is not designed on the right.

3.Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)

For high frequency designs such as RF systems, EMI can be a big disadvantage. The ground planes discussed earlier help mitigate EMI, but depending on your PCB, ground planes may introduce other problems. In laminates with four or more layers, the distance to the plane is critical.

When the inter-plane capacitance is small, the electric field will spread across the board. At the same time, the impedance between the two planes is reduced, allowing return current to flow to the signal plane. This will create EMI for any high frequency signals that pass through the plane.

A simple solution to avoid generating EMI is to prevent high-speed signals from traversing multiple layers. Add decoupling capacitors; and place ground vias around signal traces. The image below shows a good PCB design with high frequency signals.

4.filter noise

Bypass capacitors and ferrite beads are capacitors used to filter noise generated by any components. Basically, any I/O pin can be a source of noise if used in any high speed application. To make better use of these, we will have to pay attention to the following:

• Always place ferrite beads and bypass capacitors as close as possible to noise sources.

• When we use auto-placement and auto-routing, distance should be considered for checking.

• Avoid vias and any other traces between the filter and the component.

• If there is a ground plane, use multiple vias to properly ground it.

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